{"id":24778,"date":"2025-10-25T22:36:49","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T02:36:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lecturia.org\/?p=24778"},"modified":"2025-10-25T22:37:34","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T02:37:34","slug":"isaac-asimov-the-bicentennial-man","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lecturia.org\/en\/short-stories\/isaac-asimov-the-bicentennial-man\/24778\/","title":{"rendered":"Isaac Asimov: The Bicentennial Man"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Synopsis<\/strong>: \u201cThe Bicentennial Man\u201d is a philosophical science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov that won him the prestigious Hugo, Locus, and Nebula awards in 1977. The story follows Andrew Martin, a robot designed to perform domestic tasks for a human family. However, Andrew soon reveals creative abilities and exceptional reasoning, which earns him special treatment from his owners. Over time, Andrew begins to question his identity and robotic nature, awakening in him a deep longing for freedom and humanity. His evolution leads him to explore the boundaries between being a machine and a human being, in a quest to acquire rights and become more than just a robot.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Isaac<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The Bicentennial Man<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Isaac Asimov
(Full story)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Three Laws of Robotics:

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


1.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andrew Martin said, \u201cThank you,\u201d and took the seat offered him. He didn\u2019t look driven to the last resort, but he had been.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He didn\u2019t, actually, look anything, for there was a smooth blankness to his face, except for the sadness one imagined one saw in his eyes. His hair was smooth, light brown, rather fine, and there was no facial hair. He looked freshly and cleanly shaved. His clothes were distinctly old-fashioned, but neat and predominantly a velvety red-purple in color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Facing him from behind the desk was the surgeon, and the nameplate on the desk included a fully identifying series of letters and numbers, which Andrew didn\u2019t bother with. To call him Doctor would be quite enough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen can the operation be carried through, Doctor?\u201d he asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The surgeon said softly, with that certain inalienable note of respect that a robot always used to a human being, \u201cI am not certain, sir, that I understand how or upon whom such an operation could be performed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There might have been a look of respectful intransigence on the surgeon\u2019s face, if a robot of his sort, in lightly bronzed stainless steel, could have such an expression, or any expression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew Martin studied the robot\u2019s right hand, his cutting hand, as it lay on the desk in utter tranquillity. The fingers were long and shaped into artistically metallic looping curves so graceful and appropriate that one could imagine a scalpel fitting them and becoming, temporarily, one piece with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There would be no hesitation in his work, no stumbling, no quivering, no mistakes. That came with specialization, of course, a specialization so fiercely desired by humanity that few robots were, any longer, independently brained. A surgeon, of course, would have to be. And this one, though brained, was so limited in his capacity that he did not recognize Andrew\u2014had probably never heard of him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cHave you ever thought you would like to be a man?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The surgeon hesitated a moment as though the question fitted nowhere in his allotted positronic pathways. \u201cBut I am a robot, sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWould it be better to be a man?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt would be better, sir, to be a better surgeon. I could not be so if I were a man, but only if I were a more advanced robot. I would be pleased to be a more advanced robot.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt does not offend you that I can order you about? That I can make you stand up, sit down, move right or left, by merely telling you to do so?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is my pleasure to please you, sir. If your orders were to interfere with my functioning with respect to you or to any other human being, I would not obey you. The First Law, concerning my duty to human safety, would take precedence over the Second Law relating to obedience. Otherwise, obedience is my pleasure\u2026But upon whom am I to perform this operation?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUpon me,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut that is impossible. It is patently a damaging operation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat does not matter,\u201d said Andrew calmly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI must not inflict damage,\u201d said the surgeon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOn a human being, you must not,\u201d said Andrew, \u201cbut I, too, am a robot.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andrew had appeared much more a robot when he had first been\u2014manufactured. He had then been as much a robot in appearance as any that had ever existed, smoothly designed and functional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had done well in the home to which he had been brought in those days when robots in households, or on the planet altogether, had been a rarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There had been four in the home: Sir and Ma\u2019am and Miss and Little Miss. He knew their names, of course, but he never used them. Sir was Gerald Martin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

His own serial number was NDR\u2014He forgot the numbers. It had been a long time, of course, but if he had wanted to remember, he could not forget. He had not wanted to remember.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little Miss had been the first to call him Andrew because she could not use the letters, and all the rest followed her in this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little Miss\u2014She had lived ninety years and was long since dead. He had tried to call her Ma\u2019am once, but she would not allow it. Little Miss she had been to her last day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew had been intended to perform the duties of a valet, a butler, a lady\u2019s maid. Those were the experimental days for him and, indeed, for all robots anywhere but in the industrial and exploratory factories and stations off Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Martins enjoyed him, and half the time he was prevented from doing his work because Miss and Little Miss would rather play with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was Miss who understood first how this might be arranged. She said, \u201cWe order you to play with us and you must follow orders.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI am sorry, Miss, but a prior order from Sir must surely take precedence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But she said, \u201cDaddy just said he hoped you would take care of the cleaning. That\u2019s not much of an order. I order<\/em> you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir did not mind. Sir was fond of Miss and of Little Miss, even more than Ma\u2019am was, and Andrew was fond of them, too. At least, the effect they had upon his actions were those which in a human being would have been called the result of fondness. Andrew thought of it as fondness, for he did not know any other word for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was for Little Miss that Andrew had carved a pendant out of wood. She had ordered him to. Miss, it seemed, had received an ivorite pendant with scrollwork for her birthday and Little Miss was unhappy over it. She had only a piece of wood, which she gave Andrew together with a small kitchen knife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had done it quickly and Little Miss said, \u201cThat\u2019s nice<\/em>, Andrew. I\u2019ll show it to Daddy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir would not believe it. \u201cWhere did you really get this, Mandy?\u201d Mandy was what he called Little Miss. When Little Miss assured him she was really telling the truth, he turned to Andrew. \u201cDid you do this, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe design, too?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFrom what did you copy the design?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is a geometric representation, Sir, that fits the grain of the wood.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next day, Sir brought him another piece of wood, a larger one, and an electric vibro-knife. He said, \u201cMake something out of this, Andrew. Anything you want to.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew did so and Sir watched, then looked at the product a long time. After that, Andrew no longer waited on tables. He was ordered to read books on furniture design instead, and he learned to make cabinets and desks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir said, \u201cThese are amazing productions, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI enjoy doing them, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEnjoy?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt makes the circuits of my brain somehow flow more easily. I have heard you use the word \u2018enjoy\u2019 and the way you use it fits the way I feel. I enjoy doing them, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gerald Martin took Andrew to the regional offices of United States Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc. As a member of the Regional Legislature he had no trouble at all in gaining an interview with the Chief Robopsychologist. In fact, it was only as a member of the Regional Legislature that he qualified as a robot owner in the first place\u2014in those early days when robots were rare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew did not understand any of this at the time, but in later years, with greater learning, he could re-view that early scene and understand it in its proper light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The robopsychologist, Merton Mansky, listened with a gathering frown and more than once managed to stop his fingers at the point beyond which they would have irrevocably drummed on the table. He had drawn features and a lined forehead and looked as though he might be younger than he looked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He said, \u201cRobotics is not an exact art, Mr. Martin. I cannot explain it to you in detail, but the mathematics governing the plotting of the positronic pathways is far too complicated to permit of any but approximate solutions. Naturally, since we build everything about the Three Laws, those are incontrovertible. We will, of course, replace your robot\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNot at all,\u201d said Sir. \u201cThere is no question of failure on his part. He performs his assigned duties perfectly. The point is, he also carves wood in exquisite fashion and never the same twice. He produces works of art.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mansky looked confused. \u201cStrange. Of course, we\u2019re attempting generalized pathways these days\u2026Really creative, you think?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSee for yourself.\u201d Sir handed over a little sphere of wood on which there was a playground scene in which the boys and girls were almost too small to make out, yet they were in perfect proportion and blended so naturally with the grain that that, too, seemed to have been carved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mansky said, \u201cHe<\/em> did that?\u201d He handed it back with a shake of his head. \u201cThe luck of the draw. Something in the pathways.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCan you do it again?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cProbably not. Nothing like this has ever been reported.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGood! I don\u2019t in the least mind Andrew\u2019s being the only one.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mansky said, \u201cI suspect that the company would like to have your robot back for study.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir said with sudden grimness, \u201cNot a chance. Forget it.\u201d He turned to Andrew, \u201cLet\u2019s go home now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs you wish, Sir,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Miss was dating boys and wasn\u2019t about the house much. It was Little Miss, not as little as she was, who filled Andrew\u2019s horizon now. She never forgot that the very first piece of wood carving he had done had been for her. She kept it on a silver chain about her neck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was she who first objected to Sir\u2019s habit of giving away the productions. She said, \u201cCome on, Dad, if anyone wants one of them, let him pay for it. It\u2019s worth it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir said, \u201cIt isn\u2019t like you to be greedy, Mandy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNot for us, Dad. For the artist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew had never heard the word before and when he had a moment to himself he looked it up in the dictionary. Then there was another trip, this time to Sir\u2019s lawyer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir said to him, \u201cWhat do you think of this, John?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lawyer was John Feingold. He had white hair and a pudgy belly, and the rims of his contact lenses were tinted a bright green. He looked at the small plaque Sir had given him. \u201cThis is beautiful\u2026But I\u2019ve heard the news. This is a carving made by your robot. The one you\u2019ve brought with you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, Andrew does them. Don\u2019t you, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, Sir,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHow much would you pay for that, John?\u201d asked Sir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI can\u2019t say. I\u2019m not a collector of such things.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWould you believe I have been offered two hundred and fifty dollars for that small thing. Andrew has made chairs that have sold for five hundred dollars. There\u2019s two hundred thousand dollars in the bank out of Andrew\u2019s products.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGood heavens, he\u2019s making you rich, Gerald.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHalf rich,\u201d said Sir. \u201cHalf of it is in an account in the name of Andrew Martin.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe robot?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right, and I want to know if it\u2019s legal.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLegal?\u201d Feingold\u2019s chair creaked as he leaned back in it. \u201cThere are no precedents, Gerald. How did your robot sign the necessary papers?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHe can sign his name and I brought in the signature. I didn\u2019t bring him in to the bank himself. Is there anything further that ought to be done?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUm.\u201d Feingold\u2019s eyes seemed to turn inward for a moment. Then he said, \u201cWell, we can set up a trust to handle all finances in his name and that will place a layer of insulation between him and the hostile world. Further than that, my advice is you do nothing. No one is stopping you so far. If anyone objects, let him<\/em> bring suit.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnd will you take the case if suit is brought?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor a retainer, certainly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHow much?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSomething like that,\u201d and Feingold pointed to the wooden plaque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFair enough,\u201d said Sir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feingold chuckled as he turned to the robot. \u201cAndrew, are you pleased that you have money?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat do you plan to do with it?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPay for things, sir, which otherwise Sir would have to pay for. It would save him expense, sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The occasions came. Repairs were expensive, and revisions were even more so. With the years, new models of robots were produced and Sir saw to it that Andrew had the advantage of every new device until he was a paragon of metallic excellence. It was all at Andrew\u2019s expense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew insisted on that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only his positronic pathways were untouched. Sir insisted on that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe new ones aren\u2019t as good as you are, Andrew,\u201d he said. \u201cThe new robots are worthless. The company has learned to make the pathways more precise, more closely on the nose, more deeply on the track. The new robots don\u2019t shift. They do what they\u2019re designed for and never stray. I like you better.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThank you, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnd it\u2019s your doing, Andrew, don\u2019t you forget that. I am certain Mansky put an end to generalized pathways as soon as he had a good look at you. He didn\u2019t like the unpredictability\u2026Do you know how many times he asked for you so he could place you under study? Nine times! I never let him have you, though, and now that he\u2019s retired, we may have some peace.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So Sir\u2019s hair thinned and grayed and his face grew pouchy, while Andrew looked rather better than he had when he first joined the family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ma\u2019am had joined an art colony somewhere in Europe and Miss was a poet in New York. They wrote sometimes, but not often. Little Miss was married and lived not far away. She said she did not want to leave Andrew and when her child, Little Sir, was born, she let Andrew hold the bottle and feed him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the birth of a grandson, Andrew felt that Sir had someone now to replace those who had gone. It would not be so unfair to come to him with the request.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cSir, it is kind of you to have allowed me to spend my money as I wished.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt was your money, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOnly by your voluntary act, Sir. I do not believe the law would have stopped you from keeping it all.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe law won\u2019t persuade me to do wrong, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDespite all expenses, and despite taxes, too, Sir, I have nearly six hundred thousand dollars.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI know that, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI want to give it to you, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI won\u2019t take it, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn exchange for something you can give me, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOh? What is that, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy freedom, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYour\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI wish to buy my freedom, Sir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It wasn\u2019t that easy. Sir had flushed, had said \u201cFor God\u2019s sake!\u201d had turned on his heel, and stalked away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was Little Miss who brought him around, defiantly and harshly\u2014and in front of Andrew. For thirty years, no one had hesitated to talk in front of Andrew, whether the matter involved Andrew or not. He was only a robot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She said, \u201cDad, why are you taking it as a personal affront? He\u2019ll still be here. He\u2019ll still be loyal. He can\u2019t help that. It\u2019s built in. All he wants is a form of words. He wants to be called free. Is that so terrible? Hasn\u2019t be earned it? Heavens, he and I have been talking about it for years.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTalking about it for years, have you?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, and over and over again, he postponed it for fear he would hurt you. I made<\/em> him put it up to you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHe doesn\u2019t know what freedom is. He\u2019s a robot.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDad, you don\u2019t know him. He\u2019s read everything in the library. I don\u2019t know what he feels inside but I don\u2019t know what you<\/em> feel inside. When you talk to him you\u2019ll find he reacts to the various abstractions as you and I do, and what else counts? If someone else\u2019s reactions are like your own, what more can you ask for?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe law won\u2019t take that attitude,\u201d Sir said angrily. \u201cSee here, you!\u201d He turned to Andrew with a deliberate grate in his voice. \u201cI can\u2019t free you except by doing it legally, and if it gets into the courts, you not only won\u2019t get your freedom but the law will take official cognizance of your money. They\u2019ll tell you that a robot has no right to earn money. Is this rigmarole worth losing your money?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFreedom is without price, Sir,\u201d said Andrew. \u201cEven the chance of freedom is worth the money.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The court might also take the attitude that freedom was without price, and might decide that for no price, however great, could a robot buy its freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The simple statement of the regional attorney who represented those who had brought a class action to oppose the freedom was this: The word \u201cfreedom\u201d had no meaning when applied to a robot. Only a human being could be free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He said it several times, when it seemed appropriate; slowly, with his hand coming down rhythmically on the desk before him to mark the words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little Miss asked permission to speak on behalf of Andrew. She was recognized by her full name, something Andrew had never heard pronounced before:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAmanda Laura Martin Charney may approach the bench.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She said, \u201cThank you, your honor. I am not a lawyer and I don\u2019t know the proper way of phrasing things, but I hope you will listen to my meaning and ignore the words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLet\u2019s understand what it means to be free in Andrew\u2019s case. In some ways, he is<\/em> free. I think it\u2019s at least twenty years since anyone in the Martin family gave him an order to do something that we felt he might not do of his own accord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut we can, if we wish, give him an order to do anything, couch it as harshly as we wish, because he is a machine that belongs to us. Why should we be in a position to do so, when he has served us so long, so faithfully, and earned so much money for us? He owes us nothing more. The debt is entirely on the other side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEven if we were legally forbidden to place Andrew in involuntary servitude, he would still serve us voluntarily. Making him free would be a trick of words only, but it would mean much to him. It would give him everything and cost us nothing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a moment the judge seemed to be suppressing a smile. \u201cI see your point, Mrs. Charney. The fact is that there is no binding law in this respect and no precedent. There is, however, the unspoken assumption that only a man can enjoy freedom. I can make new law here, subject to reversal in a higher court, but I cannot lightly run counter to that assumption. Let me address the robot. Andrew!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, your honor.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the first time Andrew had spoken in court and the judge seemed astonished for a moment at the human timbre of the voice. He said, \u201cWhy do you want to be free, Andrew? In what way will this matter to you?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cWould you wish to be a slave, your honor?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut you are not a slave. You are a perfectly good robot, a genius of a robot I am given to understand, capable of an artistic expression that can be matched nowhere. What more can you do if you were free?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPerhaps no more than I do now, your honor, but with greater joy. It has been said in this courtroom that only a human being can be free. It seems to me that only someone who wishes for freedom can be free. I wish for freedom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And it was that that cued the judge. The crucial sentence in his decision was \u201cThere is no right to deny freedom to any object with a mind advanced enough to grasp the concept and desire the state.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was eventually upheld by the World Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sir remained displeased and his harsh voice made Andrew feel almost as though he were being short-circuited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir said, \u201cI don\u2019t want your damned money, Andrew. I\u2019ll take it only because you won\u2019t feel free otherwise. From now on, you can select your own jobs and do them as you please. I will give you no orders, except this one\u2014that you do as you please. But I am still responsible for you; that\u2019s part of the court order. I hope you understand that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little Miss interrupted. \u201cDon\u2019t be irascible, Dad. The responsibility is no great chore. You know you won\u2019t have to do a thing. The Three Laws still hold.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThen how is he free?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cAre not human beings bound by their laws, Sir?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir said, \u201cI\u2019m not going to argue.\u201d He left, and Andrew saw him only infrequently after that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little Miss came to see him frequently in the small house that had been built and made over for him. It had no kitchen, of course, nor bathroom facilities. It had just two rooms; one was a library and one was a combination storeroom and workroom. Andrew accepted many commissions and worked harder as a free robot than he ever had before, till the cost of the house was paid for and the structure legally transferred to him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One day Little Sir came\u2026No, George! Little Sir had insisted on that after the court decision. \u201cA free robot doesn\u2019t call anyone Little Sir,\u201d George had said. \u201cI call you Andrew. You must call me George.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was phrased as an order, so Andrew called him George\u2014but Little Miss remained Little Miss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The day George came alone, it was to say that Sir was dying. Little Miss was at the bedside but Sir wanted Andrew as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sir\u2019s voice was quite strong, though he seemed unable to move much. He struggled to get his hand up. \u201cAndrew,\u201d he said, \u201cAndrew\u2014Don\u2019t help me, George. I\u2019m only dying; I\u2019m not crippled\u2026Andrew, I\u2019m glad you\u2019re free. I just wanted to tell you that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew did not know what to say. He had never been at the side of someone dying before, but he knew it was the human way of ceasing to function. It was an involuntary and irreversible dismantling, and Andrew did not know what to say that might be appropriate. He could only remain standing, absolutely silent, absolutely motionless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When it was over, Little Miss said to him, \u201cHe may not have seemed friendly to you toward the end, Andrew, but he was old, you know, and it hurt him that you should want to be free.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And then Andrew found the words to say. He said, \u201cI would never have been free without him, Little Miss.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It was only after Sir\u2019s death that Andrew began to wear clothes. He began with an old pair of trousers at first, a pair that George had given him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George was married now, and a lawyer. He had joined Feingold\u2019s firm. Old Feingold was long since dead but his daughter had carried on and eventually the firm\u2019s name became Feingold and Martin. It remained so even when the daughter retired and no Feingold took her place. At the time Andrew put on clothes for the first time, the Martin name had just been added to the firm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George had tried not to smile, the first time Andrew put on the trousers, but to Andrew\u2019s eyes the smile was clearly there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George showed Andrew how to manipulate the static charge so as to allow the trousers to open, wrap about his lower body, and move shut. George demonstrated on his own trousers, but Andrew was quite aware that it would take him awhile to duplicate that one flowing motion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said, \u201cBut why do you want trousers, Andrew? Your body is so beautifully functional it\u2019s a shame to cover it\u2014especially when you needn\u2019t worry about either temperature control or modesty. And it doesn\u2019t cling properly, not on metal.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cAre not human bodies beautifully functional, George? Yet you cover yourselves.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor warmth, for cleanliness, for protection, for decorativeness. None of that applies to you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI feel bare without clothes. I feel different, George.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDifferent! Andrew, there are millions of robots on Earth now. In this region, according to the last census, there are almost as many robots as there are men.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI know, George. There are robots doing every conceivable type of work.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnd none of them wear clothes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut none of them are free, George.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little by little, Andrew added to the wardrobe. He was inhibited by George\u2019s smile and by the stares of the people who commissioned work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He might be free, but there was built into him a carefully detailed program concerning his behavior toward people, and it was only by the tiniest steps that he dared advance. Open disapproval would set him back months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not everyone accepted Andrew as free. He was incapable of resenting that and yet there was a difficulty about his thinking process when he thought of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most of all, he tended to avoid putting on clothes\u2014or too many of them\u2014when he thought Little Miss might come to visit him. She was old now and was often away in some warmer climate, but when she returned the first thing she did was visit him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On one of her returns, George said ruefully, \u201cShe\u2019s got me, Andrew. I\u2019ll be running for the Legislature next year. Like grandfather, she says, like grandson.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLike grandfather\u2014\u201d Andrew stopped, uncertain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI mean that I, George, the grandson, will be like Sir, the grandfather, who was in the Legislature once.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cIt would be pleasant, George, if Sir were still\u2014\u201d He paused, for he did not want to say, \u201cin working order.\u201d That seemed inappropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAlive,\u201d said George. \u201cYes, I think of the old monster now and then, too.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was a conversation Andrew thought about. He had noticed his own incapacity in speech when talking with George. Somehow the language had changed since Andrew had come into being with an innate vocabulary. Then, too, George used a colloquial speech, as Sir and Little Miss had not. Why should he have called Sir a monster when surely that word was not appropriate?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nor could Andrew turn to his own books for guidance. They were old and most dealt with woodworking, with art, with furniture design. There were none on language, none on the way of human beings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was at that moment it seemed to him that he must seek the proper books; and as a free robot, he felt he must not ask George. He would go to town and use the library. It was a triumphant decision and he felt his electropotential grow distinctly higher until he had to throw in an impedance coil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He put on a full costume, even including a shoulder chain of wood. He would have preferred the glitter plastic but George had said that wood was much more appropriate and that polished cedar was considerably more valuable as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had placed a hundred feet between himself and the house before gathering resistance brought him to a halt. He shifted the impedance coil out of circuit, and when that did not seem to help enough, he returned to his home and on a piece of notepaper wrote neatly, \u201cI have gone to the library,\u201d and placed it in clear view on his worktable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andrew never quite got to the library. He had studied the map. He knew the route, but not the appearance of it. The actual landmarks did not resemble the symbols on the map and he would hesitate. Eventually he thought he must have somehow gone wrong, for everything looked strange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He passed an occasional field robot, but at the time he decided he should ask his way, there were none in sight. A vehicle passed and did not stop. He stood irresolute, which meant calmly motionless, and then coming across the field toward him were two human beings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He turned to face them, and they altered their course to meet him. A moment before, they had been talking loudly; he had heard their voices; but now they were silent. They had the look that Andrew associated with human uncertainty, and they were young, but not very young. Twenty perhaps? Andrew could never judge human age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He said, \u201cWould you describe to me the route to the town library, sirs?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of them, the taller of the two, whose tall hat lengthened him still farther, almost grotesquely, said, not to Andrew, but to the other, \u201cIt\u2019s a robot.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other had a bulbous nose and heavy eyelids. He said, not to Andrew, but to the first, \u201cIt\u2019s wearing clothes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tall one snapped his fingers. \u201cIt\u2019s the free robot. They have a robot at the Martins who isn\u2019t owned by anybody. Why else would it be wearing clothes?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAsk it,\u201d said the one with the nose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAre you the Martin robot?\u201d asked the tall one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI am Andrew Martin, sir,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGood. Take off your clothes. Robots don\u2019t wear clothes.\u201d He said to the other, \u201cThat\u2019s disgusting. Look at him.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew hesitated. He hadn\u2019t heard an order in that tone of voice in so long that his Second Law circuits had momentarily jammed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tall one said, \u201cTake off your clothes. I order you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slowly, Andrew began to remove them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cJust drop them,\u201d said the tall one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The nose said, \u201cIf it doesn\u2019t belong to anyone, he could be ours as much as someone else\u2019s.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnyway,\u201d said the tall one, \u201cwho\u2019s to object to anything we do? We\u2019re not damaging property\u2026Stand on your head.\u201d That was to Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe head is not meant\u2014\u201d began Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat\u2019s an order. If you don\u2019t know how, try anyway.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew hesitated again, then bent to put his head on the ground. He tried to lift his legs and fell, heavily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tall one said, \u201cJust lie there.\u201d He said to the other, \u201cWe can take him apart. Ever take a robot apart?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWill he let us?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHow can he stop us?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no way Andrew could stop them, if they ordered him not to resist in a forceful enough manner. Second Law of obedience took precedence over the Third Law of self-preservation. In any case, he could not defend himself without possibly hurting them and that would mean breaking the First Law. At that thought, every motile unit contracted slightly and he quivered as he lay there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tall one walked over and pushed at him with his foot. \u201cHe\u2019s heavy. I think we\u2019ll need tools to do the job.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The nose said, \u201cWe could order him to take himself apart. It would be fun to watch him try.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes,\u201d said the tall one thoughtfully, \u201cbut let\u2019s get him off the road. If someone comes along\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was too late. Someone had indeed come along and it was George. From where he lay, Andrew had seen him topping a small rise in the middle distance. He would have liked to signal him in some way, but the last order had been \u201cJust lie there!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George was running now and he arrived somewhat winded. The two young men stepped back a little and then waited thoughtfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said anxiously, \u201cAndrew, has something gone wrong?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI am well, George.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThen stand up\u2026What happened to your clothes?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tall young man said, \u201cThat your robot, mac?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George turned sharply. \u201cHe\u2019s no one\u2019s robot. What\u2019s been going on here?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe politely asked him to take his clothes off. What\u2019s that to you if you don\u2019t own him?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said, \u201cWhat were they doing, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cIt was their intention in some way to dismember me. They were about to move me to a quiet spot and order me to dismember myself.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George looked at the two and his chin trembled. The two young men retreated no further. They were smiling. The tall one said lightly, \u201cWhat are you going to do, pudgy? Attack us?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said, \u201cNo. I don\u2019t have to. This robot has been with my family for over seventy years. He knows us and he values us more than he values anyone else. I am going to tell him that you two are threatening my life and that you plan to kill me. I will ask him to defend me. In choosing between me and you two, he will choose me. Do you know what will happen to you when he attacks you?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The two were backing away slightly, looking uneasy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said sharply, \u201cAndrew, I am in danger and about to come to harm from these young men. Move toward them!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew did so, and the two young men did not wait. They ran fleetly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAll right, Andrew, relax,\u201d said George. He looked unstrung. He was far past the age where he could face the possibility of a dustup with one young man, let alone two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI couldn\u2019t have hurt them, George. I could see they were not attacking you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI didn\u2019t order you to attack them; I only told you to move toward them. Their own fears did the rest.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHow can they fear robots?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a disease of mankind, one of which it is not yet cured. But never mind that. What the devil are you doing here, Andrew? I was on the point of turning back and hiring a helicopter when I found you. How did you get it into your head to go to the library? I would have brought you any books you needed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI am a\u2014\u201d began Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFree robot. Yes, yes. All right, what did you want in the library?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI want to know more about human beings, about the world, about everything. And about robots, George. I want to write a history about robots.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said, \u201cWell, let\u2019s walk home\u2026And pick up your clothes first. Andrew, there are a million books on robotics and all of them include histories of the science. The world is growing saturated not only with robots but with information about robots.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew shook his head, a human gesture he had lately begun to make. \u201cNot a history of robotics, George. A history of robots<\/em>, by a robot. I want to explain how robots feel about what has happened since the first ones were allowed to work and live on Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George\u2019s eyebrows lifted, but he said nothing in direct response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Little Miss was just past her eighty-third birthday, but there was nothing about her that was lacking in either energy or determination. She gestured with her cane oftener than she propped herself up with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She listened to the story in a fury of indignation. She said, \u201cGeorge, that\u2019s horrible. Who were those young ruffians?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know. What difference does it make? In the end they did no damage.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey might have. You\u2019re a lawyer, George, and if you\u2019re well off, it\u2019s entirely due to the talent of Andrew. It was the money he earned that is the foundation of everything we have. He provides the continuity for this family and I will not<\/em> have him treated as a wind-up toy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat would you have me do, Mother?\u201d asked George.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI said you\u2019re a lawyer. Don\u2019t you listen? You set up a test case somehow, and you force the regional courts to declare for robot rights and get the Legislature to pass the necessary bills, and carry the whole thing to the World Court, if you have to. I\u2019ll be watching, George, and I\u2019ll tolerate no shirking.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She was serious, and what began as a way of soothing the fearsome old lady became an involved matter with enough legal entanglement to make it interesting. As senior partner of Feingold and Martin, George plotted strategy but left the actual work to his junior partners, with much of it a matter for his son, Paul, who was also a member of the firm and who reported dutifully nearly every day to his grandmother. She, in turn, discussed it every day with Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew was deeply involved. His work on his book on robots was delayed again, as he pored over the legal arguments and even, at times, made very diffident suggestions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He said, \u201cGeorge told me that day that human beings have always been afraid of robots. As long as they are, the courts and the legislatures are not likely to work hard on behalf of robots. Should there not be something done about public opinion?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So while Paul stayed in court, George took to the public platform. It gave him the advantage of being informal and he even went so far sometimes as to wear the new, loose style of clothing which he called drapery. Paul said, \u201cJust don\u2019t trip over it on stage, Dad.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George said despondently, \u201cI\u2019ll try not to.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He addressed the annual convention of holo-news editors on one occasion and said, in part:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf, by virtue of the Second Law, we can demand of any robot unlimited obedience in all respects not involving harm to a human being, then any human being, any<\/em> human being, has a fearsome power over any robot, any<\/em> robot. In particular, since Second Law supersedes Third Law, any<\/em> human being can use the law of obedience to overcome the law of self-protection. He can order any robot to damage itself or even destroy itself for any reason, or for no reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIs this just? Would we treat an animal so? Even an inanimate object which has given us good service has a claim on our consideration. And a robot is not insensible; it is not an animal. It can think well enough to enable it to talk to us, reason with us, joke with us. Can we treat them as friends, can we work together with them, and not give them some of the fruit of that friendship, some of the benefit of co-working?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf a man has the right to give a robot any order that does not involve harm to a human being, he should have the decency never to give a robot any order that involves harm to a robot, unless human safety absolutely requires it. With great power goes great responsibility, and if the robots have Three Laws to protect men, is it too much to ask that men have a law or two to protect robots?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew was right. It was the battle over public opinion that held the key to courts and Legislature and in the end a law passed which set up conditions under which robot-harming orders were forbidden. It was endlessly qualified and the punishments for violating the law were totally inadequate, but the principle was established. The final passage by the World Legislature came through on the day of Little Miss\u2019s death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That was no coincidence. Little Miss held on to life desperately during the last debate and let go only when word of victory arrived. Her last smile was for Andrew. Her last words were: \u201cYou have been good to us, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She died with her hand holding his, while her son and his wife and children remained at a respectful distance from both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andrew waited patiently while the receptionist disappeared into the inner office. It might have used the holographic chatterbox, but unquestionably it was unmanned (or perhaps unroboted) by having to deal with another robot rather than with a human being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew passed the time revolving the matter in his mind. Could \u201cunroboted\u201d be used as an analogue of \u201cunmanned,\u201d or had \u201cunmanned\u201d become a metaphoric term sufficiently divorced from its original literal meaning to be applied to robots\u2014or to women for that matter?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such problems came frequently as he worked on his book on robots. The trick of thinking out sentences to express all complexities had undoubtedly increased his vocabulary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Occasionally, someone came into the room to stare at him and he did not try to avoid the glance. He looked at each calmly, and each in turn looked away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Martin finally came out. He looked surprised, or he would have if Andrew could have made out his expression with certainty. Paul had taken to wearing the heavy makeup that fashion was dictating for bath sexes and though it made sharper and firmer the somewhat bland lines of his face, Andrew disapproved. He found that disapproving of human beings, as long as he did not express it verbally, did not make him very uneasy. He could even write the disapproval. He was sure it had not always been so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul said, \u201cCome in, Andrew. I\u2019m sorry I made you wait but there was something I had<\/em> to finish. Come in. You had said you wanted to talk to me, but I didn\u2019t know you meant here in town.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you are busy, Paul, I am prepared to continue to wait.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul glanced at the interplay of shifting shadows on the dial on the wall that served as timepiece and said, \u201cI can make some time. Did you come alone?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI hired an automatobile.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAny trouble?\u201d Paul asked, with more than a trace of anxiety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI wasn\u2019t expecting any. My rights are protected.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul looked all the more anxious for that. \u201cAndrew, I\u2019ve explained that the law is unenforceable, at least under most conditions\u2026And if you insist on wearing clothes, you\u2019ll run into trouble eventually\u2014just like that first time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnd only time, Paul. I\u2019m sorry you are displeased.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWell, look at it this way: you are virtually a living legend, Andrew, and you are too valuable in many different ways for you to have any right to take chances with yourself\u2026How\u2019s the book coming?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI am approaching the end, Paul. The publisher is quite pleased.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGood!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know that he\u2019s necessarily pleased with the book as a book. I think he expects to sell many copies because it\u2019s written by a robot and it\u2019s that that pleases him.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOnly human, I\u2019m afraid.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI am not displeased. Let it sell for whatever reason since it will mean money and I can use some.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGrandmother left you\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLittle Miss was generous, and I\u2019m sure I can count on the family to help me out further. But it is the royalties from the book on which I am counting to help me through the next step.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat next step is that?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI wish to see the head of U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc. I have tried to make an appointment, but so far I have not been able to reach him. The corporation did not cooperate with me in the writing of the book, so I am not surprised, you understand.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul was clearly amused. \u201cCooperation is the last thing you can expect. They didn\u2019t cooperate with us in our great fight for robot rights. Quite the reverse and you can see why. Give a robot rights and people may not want to buy them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNevertheless,\u201d said Andrew, \u201cif you call them, you may obtain an interview for me.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI\u2019m no more popular with them than you are, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut perhaps you can hint that by seeing me they may head off a campaign by Feingold and Martin to strengthen the rights of robots further.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWouldn\u2019t that be a lie, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes, Paul, and I can\u2019t tell one. That is why you must call.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAh, you can\u2019t lie, but you can urge me to tell a lie, is that it? You\u2019re getting more human all the time, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It was not easy to arrange, even with Paul\u2019s supposedly weighted name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it was finally carried through and, when it was, Harley Smythe-Robertson, who, on his mother\u2019s side, was descended from the original founder of the corporation and who had adopted the hyphenation to indicate it, looked remarkably unhappy. He was approaching retirement age and his entire tenure as president had been devoted to the matter of robot rights. His gray hair was plastered thinly over the top of his scalp, his face was not made up, and he eyed Andrew with brief hostility from time to time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cSir, nearly a century ago, I was told by a Merton Mansky of this corporation that the mathematics governing the plotting of the positronic pathways was far too complicated to permit of any but approximate solutions and that therefore my own capacities were not fully predictable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat was a century ago.\u201d Smythe-Robertson hesitated, then said icily, \u201cSir<\/em>. It is true no longer. Our robots are made with precision now and are trained precisely to their jobs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes,\u201d said Paul, who had come along, as he said, to make sure that the corporation played fair, \u201cwith the result that my receptionist must be guided at every point once events depart from the conventional, however slightly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson said, \u201cYou would be much more displeased if it were to improvise.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cThen you no longer manufacture robots like myself which are flexible and adaptable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo longer.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe research I have done in connection with my book,\u201d said Andrew, \u201cindicates that I am the oldest robot presently in active operation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe oldest presently,\u201d said Smythe-Robertson, \u201cand the oldest ever. The oldest that will ever be. No robot is useful after the twenty-fifth year. They are called in and replaced with newer models.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo robot as presently manufactured<\/em> is useful after the twenty-fifth year,\u201d said Paul pleasantly. \u201cAndrew is quite exceptional in this respect.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew, adhering to the path he had marked out for himself, said, \u201cAs the oldest robot in the world and the most flexible, am I not unusual enough to merit special treatment from the company?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNot at all,\u201d said Smythe-Robertson freezingly. \u201cYour unusualness is an embarrassment to the company. If you were on lease, instead of having been a sale outright through some mischance, you would long since have been replaced.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut that is exactly the point,\u201d said Andrew. \u201cI am a free robot and I own myself. Therefore I come to you and ask you to replace me. You cannot do this without the owner\u2019s consent. Nowadays, that consent is extorted as a condition of the lease, but in my time this did not happen.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson was looking both startled and puzzled, and for a moment there was silence. Andrew found himself staring at the holograph on the wall. It was a death mask of Susan Calvin, patron saint of all roboticists. She was dead nearly two centuries now, but as a result of writing his book Andrew knew her so well he could half persuade himself that he had met her in life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson said, \u201cHow can I replace you for you? If I replace you as robot, how can I donate the new robot to you as owner since in the very act of replacement you cease to exist?\u201d He smiled grimly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNot at all difficult,\u201d interposed Paul. \u201cThe seat of Andrew\u2019s personality is his positronic brain and it is the one part that cannot be replaced without creating a new robot. The positronic brain, therefore, is Andrew the owner. Every other part of the robotic body can be replaced without affecting the robot\u2019s personality, and those other parts are the brain\u2019s possessions. Andrew, I should say, wants to supply his brain with a new robotic body.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right,\u201d said Andrew calmly. He turned to Smythe-Robertson. \u201cYou have manufactured androids, haven\u2019t you? Robots that have the outward appearance of humans complete to the texture of the skin?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson said, \u201cYes, we have. They worked perfectly well, with their synthetic fibrous skins and tendons. There was virtually no metal anywhere except for the brain, yet they were nearly as tough as metal robots. They were tougher, weight for weight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul looked interested. \u201cI didn\u2019t know that. How many are on the market?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNone,\u201d said Smythe-Robertson. \u201cThey were much more expensive than metal models and a market survey showed they would not be accepted. They looked too human.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cBut the corporation retains its expertise, I assume. Since it does, I wish to request that I be replaced by an organic robot, an android.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul looked surprised. \u201cGood Lord,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson stiffened. \u201cQuite impossible!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhy is it impossible?\u201d asked Andrew. \u201cI will pay any reasonable fee, of course.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson said, \u201cWe do not manufacture androids.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou do not choose<\/em> to manufacture androids,\u201d interposed Paul quickly. \u201cThat is not the same as being unable to manufacture them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson said, \u201cNevertheless, the manufacture of androids is against public policy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere is no law against it,\u201d said Paul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNevertheless, we do not manufacture them, and we will not.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul cleared his throat. \u201cMr. Smythe-Robertson,\u201d he said, \u201cAndrew is a free robot who is under the purview of the law guaranteeing robot rights. You are aware of this, I take it?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOnly too well.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis robot, as a free robot, chooses to wear clothes. This results in his being frequently humiliated by thoughtless human beings despite the law against the humiliation of robots. It is difficult to prosecute vague offenses that don\u2019t meet with the general disapproval of those who must decide on guilt and innocence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cU.S. Robots understood that from the start. Your father\u2019s firm unfortunately did not.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy father is dead now,\u201d said Paul, \u201cbut what I see is that we have here a clear offense with a clear target.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat are you talking about?\u201d said Smythe-Robertson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy client, Andrew Martin\u2014he has just become my client\u2014is a free robot who is entitled to ask U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc., for the right of replacement, which the corporation supplies anyone who owns a robot for more than twenty-five years. In fact, the corporation insists on such replacement.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul was smiling and thoroughly at his ease. He went on, \u201cThe positronic brain of my client is the owner of the body of my client\u2014which is certainly more than twenty-five years old. The positronic brain demands the replacement of the body and offers to pay any reasonable fee for an android body as that replacement. If you refuse the request, my client undergoes humiliation and we will sue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhile public opinion would not ordinarily support the claim of a robot in such a case, may I remind you that U.S. Robots is not popular with the public generally. Even those who most use and profit from robots are suspicious of the corporation. This may be a hangover from the days when robots were widely feared. It may be resentment against the power and wealth of U.S. Robots which has a worldwide monopoly. Whatever the cause may be, the resentment exists and I think you will find that you would prefer not to withstand a lawsuit, particularly since my client is wealthy and will live for many more centuries and will have no reason to refrain from fighting the battle forever.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson had slowly reddened. \u201cYou are trying to force me to\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI force you to do nothing,\u201d said Paul. \u201cIf you wish to refuse to accede to my client\u2019s reasonable request, you may by all means do so and we will leave without another word\u2026But we will sue, as is certainly our right, and you will find that you will eventually lose.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smythe-Robertson said, \u201cWell\u2014\u201d and paused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI see that you are going to accede,\u201d said Paul. \u201cYou may hesitate but you will come to it in the end. Let me assure you, then, of one further point. If, in the process of transferring my client\u2019s positronic brain from his present body to an organic one, there is any damage, however slight, then I will never rest till I\u2019ve nailed the corporation to the ground. I will, if necessary, take every possible step to mobilize public opinion against the corporation if one brain path of my client\u2019s platinum-iridium essence is scrambled.\u201d He turned to Andrew and said, \u201cDo you agree to all this, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew hesitated a full minute. It amounted to the approval of lying, of blackmail, of the badgering and humiliation of a human being. But not physical harm, he told himself, not physical harm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He managed at last to come out with a rather faint \u201cYes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It was like being constructed again. For days, then for weeks, finally for months, Andrew found himself not himself somehow, and the simplest actions kept giving rise to hesitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul was frantic. \u201cThey\u2019ve damaged you, Andrew. We\u2019ll have to institute suit!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew spoke very slowly. \u201cYou mustn\u2019t. You\u2019ll never be able to prove\u2014something\u2014m-m-m-m\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMalice?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMalice. Besides, I grow stronger, better. It\u2019s the tr-tr-tr\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTremble?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTrauma. After all, there\u2019s never been such an op-op-op\u2014before.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew could feel his brain from the inside. No one else could. He knew he was well and during the months that it took him to learn full coordination and full positronic interplay, he spent hours before the mirror.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not quite human! The face was stiff\u2014too stiff\u2014and the motions were too deliberate. They lacked the careless free flow of the human being, but perhaps that might come with time. At least he could wear clothes without the ridiculous anomaly of a metal face going along with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eventually he said, \u201cI will be going back to work.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul laughed and said, \u201cThat means you are well. What will you be doing? Another book?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo,\u201d said Andrew seriously. \u201cI live too long for any one career to seize me by the throat and never let me go. There was a time when I was primarily an artist and I can still turn to that. And there was a time when I was a historian and I can still turn to that. But now I wish to be a robobiologist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA robopsychologist, you mean.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo. That would imply the study of positronic brains and at the moment I lack the desire to do that. A robobiologist, it seems to me, would be concerned with the working of the body attached to that brain.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWouldn\u2019t that be a roboticist?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA roboticist works with a metal body. I would be studying an organic humanoid body, of which I have the only one, as far as I know.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou narrow your field,\u201d said Paul thoughtfully. \u201cAs an artist, all conception is yours; as a historian, you dealt chiefly with robots; as a robobiologist, you will deal with yourself.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew nodded. \u201cIt would seem so.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew had to start from the very beginning, for he knew nothing of ordinary biology, almost nothing of science. He became a familiar sight in the libraries, where he sat at the electronic indices for hours at a time, looking perfectly normal in clothes. Those few who knew he was a robot in no way interfered with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He built a laboratory in a room which he added to his house, and his library grew, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Years passed, and Paul came to him one day and said, \u201cIt\u2019s a pity you\u2019re no longer working on the history of robots. I understand U.S. Robots is adopting a radically new policy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul had aged, and his deteriorating eyes had been replaced with photoptic cells. In that respect, he had drawn closer to Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cWhat have they done?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey are manufacturing central computers, gigantic positronic brains, really, which communicate with anywhere from a dozen to a thousand robots by microwave. The robots themselves have no brains at all. They are the limbs of the gigantic brain, and the two are physically separate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIs that more efficient?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cU.S. Robots claims it is. Smythe-Robertson established the new direction before he died, however, and it\u2019s my notion that it\u2019s a backlash at you. U.S. Robots is determined that they will make no robots that will give them the type of trouble you have, and for that reason they separate brain and body. The brain will have no body to wish changed; the body will have no brain to wish anything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s amazing, Andrew,\u201d Paul went on, \u201cthe influence you have had on the history of robots. It was your artistry that encouraged U.S. Robots to make robots more precise and specialized; it was your freedom that resulted in the establishment of the principle of robotic rights; it was your insistence on an android body that made U.S. Robots switch to brain-body separation\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI suppose in the end the corporation will produce one vast brain controlling several billion robotic bodies. All the eggs will be in one basket. Dangerous. Not proper at all.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think you\u2019re right,\u201d said Paul, \u201cbut I don\u2019t suspect it will come to pass for a century at least and I won\u2019t live to see it. In fact, I may not live to see next year.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPaul!\u201d said Andrew, in concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul shrugged. \u201cWe\u2019re mortal, Andrew. We\u2019re not like you. It doesn\u2019t matter too much, but it does make it important to assure you on one point. I\u2019m the last of the human Martins. There are collaterals descended from my great-aunt, but they don\u2019t count. The money I control personally will be left to the trust in your name and as far as anyone can foresee the future, you will be economically secure.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUnnecessary,\u201d said Andrew, with difficulty. In all this time, he could not get used to the deaths of the Martins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul said, \u201cLet\u2019s not argue. That\u2019s the way it\u2019s going to be. What are you working on?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI am designing a system for allowing androids\u2014myself\u2014to gain energy from the combustion of hydrocarbons, rather than from atomic cells.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul raised his eyebrows. \u201cSo that they will breathe and eat?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHow long have you been pushing in that direction?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor a long time now, but I think I have designed an adequate combustion chamber for catalyzed controlled breakdown.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut why, Andrew? The atomic cell is surely infinitely better.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn some ways, perhaps, but the atomic cell is inhuman.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It took time, but Andrew had time. In the first place, he did not wish to do anything till Paul had died in peace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the death of the great-grandson of Sir, Andrew felt more nearly exposed to a hostile world and for that reason was the more determined to continue the path he had long ago chosen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet he was not really alone. If a man had died, the firm of Feingold and Martin lived, for a corporation does not die any more than a robot does. The firm had its directions and it followed them soullessly. By way of the trust and through the law firm, Andrew continued to be wealthy. And in return for their own large annual retainer, Feingold and Martin involved themselves in the legal aspects of the new combustion chamber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the time came for Andrew to visit U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc., he did it alone. Once he had gone with Sir and once with Paul. This time, the third time, he was alone and manlike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U.S. Robots had changed. The production plant had been shifted to a large space station, as had grown to be the case with more and more industries. With them had gone many robots. The Earth itself was becoming parklike, with its one-billion-person population stabilized and perhaps not more than thirty percent of its at least equally large robot population independently brained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Director of Research was Alvin Magdescu, dark of complexion and hair, with a little pointed beard and wearing nothing above the waist but the breastband that fashion dictated. Andrew himself was well covered in the older fashion of several decades back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu said, \u201cI know you, of course, and I\u2019m rather pleased to see you. You\u2019re our most notorious product and it\u2019s a pity old Smythe-Robertson was so set against you. We could have done a great deal with you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou still can,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo, I don\u2019t think so. We\u2019re past the time. We\u2019ve had robots on Earth for over a century, but that\u2019s changing. It will be back to space with them and those that stay here won\u2019t be brained.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut there remains myself, and I stay on Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTrue, but there doesn\u2019t seem to be much of the robot about you. What new request have you?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo be still less a robot. Since I am so far organic, I wish an organic source of energy. I have here the plans\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu did not hasten through them. He might have intended to at first, but he stiffened and grew intent. At one point he said, \u201cThis is remarkably ingenious. Who thought of all this?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI did,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu looked up at him sharply, then said, \u201cIt would amount to a major overhaul of your body, and an experimental one, since it has never been attempted before. I advise against it. Remain as you are.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew\u2019s face had limited means of expression, but impatience showed plainly in his voice. \u201cDr. Magdescu, you miss the entire point. You have no choice but to accede to my request. If such devices can be built into my body, they can be built into human bodies as well. The tendency to lengthen human life by prosthetic devices has already been remarked on. There are no devices better than the ones I have designed and am designing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs it happens, I control the patents by way of the firm of Feingold and Martin. We are quite capable of going into business for ourselves and of developing the kind of prosthetic devices that may end by producing human beings with many of the properties of robots. Your own business will then suffer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf, however, you operate on me now and agree to do so under similar circumstances in the future, you will receive permission to make use of the patents and control the technology of both robots and the prosthetization of human beings. The initial leasing will not be granted, of course, until after the first operation is completed successfully, and after enough time has passed to demonstrate that it is indeed successful.\u201d Andrew felt scarcely any First Law inhibition to the stern conditions he was setting a human being. He was learning to reason that what seemed like cruelty might, in the long run, be kindness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu looked stunned. He said, \u201cI\u2019m not the one to decide something like this. That\u2019s a corporate decision that would take time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI can wait a reasonable time,\u201d said Andrew, \u201cbut only a reasonable time.\u201d And he thought with satisfaction that Paul himself could not have done it better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It took only a reasonable time, and the operation was a success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu said, \u201cI was very much against the operation, Andrew, but not for the reasons you might think. I was not in the least against the experiment, if it had been on someone else. I hated risking your<\/em> positronic brain. Now that you have the positronic pathways interacting with simulated nerve pathways, it might be difficult to rescue the brain intact if the body went bad.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI had every faith in the skill of the staff at U.S. Robots,\u201d said Andrew. \u201cAnd I can eat now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWell, you can sip olive oil. It will mean occasional cleanings of the combustion chamber, as we have explained to you. Rather an uncomfortable touch, I should think.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPerhaps, if I did not expect to go further. Self-cleaning is not impossible. In fact, I am working on a device that will deal with solid food that may be expected to contain incombustible fractions\u2014indigestible matter, so to speak, that will have to be discarded.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou would then have to develop an anus.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe equivalent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat else, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEverything else.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGenitalia, too?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cInsofar as they will fit my plans. My body is a canvas on which I intend to draw\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu waited for the sentence to be completed, and when it seemed that it would not be, he completed it himself. \u201cA man?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe shall see,\u201d said Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magdescu said, \u201cIt\u2019s a puny ambition, Andrew. You\u2019re better than a man. You\u2019ve gone downhill from the moment you opted for organicism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy brain has not suffered.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo, it hasn\u2019t. I\u2019ll grant you that. But, Andrew, the whole new breakthrough in prosthetic devices made possible by your patents is being marketed under your name. You\u2019re recognized as the inventor and you\u2019re honored for it\u2014as you are. Why play further games with your body?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew did not answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The honors came. He accepted membership in several learned societies, including one which was devoted to the new science he had established; the one he had called robobiology but had come to be termed prosthetology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of his construction, there was a testimonial dinner given in his honor at U.S. Robots. If Andrew saw irony in this, he kept it to himself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alvin Magdescu came out of retirement to chair the dinner. He was himself ninety-four years old and was alive because he had prosthetized devices that, among other things, fulfilled the function of liver and kidneys. The dinner reached its climax when Magdescu, after a short and emotional talk, raised his glass to toast \u201cthe Sesquicentennial Robot.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew had had the sinews of his face redesigned to the point where he could show a range of emotions, but he sat through all the ceremonies solemnly passive. He did not like to be a Sesquicentennial Robot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It was prosthetology that finally took Andrew off the Earth. In the decades that followed the celebration of the Sesquicentennial, the Moon had come to be a world more Earth-like than Earth in every respect but its gravitational pull and in its underground cities there was a fairly dense population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prosthetized devices there had to take the lesser gravity into account and Andrew spent five years on the Moon working with local prosthetologists to make the necessary adaptations. When not at his work, he wandered among the robot population, every one of which treated him with the robotic obsequiousness due a man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He came back to an Earth that was humdrum and quiet in comparison and visited the offices of Feingold and Martin to announce his return.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The current head of the firm, Simon DeLong, was surprised. He said, \u201cWe had been told you were returning, Andrew\u201d (he had almost said \u201cMr. Martin\u201d), \u201cbut we were not expecting you till next week.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI grew impatient,\u201d said Andrew brusquely. He was anxious to get to the point. \u201cOn the Moon, Simon, I was in charge of a research team of twenty human scientists. I gave orders that no one questioned. The Lunar robots deferred to me as they would to a human being. Why, then, am I not a human being?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A wary look entered DeLong\u2019s eyes. He said, \u201cMy dear Andrew, as you have just explained, you are treated as a human being by both robots and human beings. You are therefore a human being de facto<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo be a human being de facto<\/em> is not enough. I want not only to be treated as one, but to be legally identified as one. I want to be a human being de jure<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNow that is another matter,\u201d said DeLong. \u201cThere we would run into human prejudice and into the undoubted fact that however much you may be like a human being, you are not<\/em> a human being.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn what way not?\u201d asked Andrew. \u201cI have the shape of a human being and organs equivalent to those of a human being. My organs, in fact, are identical to some of those in a prosthetized human being. I have contributed artistically, literarily, and scientifically to human culture as much as any human being now alive. What more can one ask?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI myself would ask nothing more. The trouble is that it would take an act of the World Legislature to define you as a human being. Frankly, I wouldn\u2019t expect that to happen.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo whom on the Legislature could I speak?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo the Chairman of the Science and Technology Committee perhaps.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCan you arrange a meeting?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut you scarcely need an intermediary. In your position, you can\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo. You<\/em> arrange it.\u201d (It didn\u2019t even occur to Andrew that he was giving a flat order to a human being. He had grown accustomed to that on the Moon.) \u201cI want him to know that the firm of Feingold and Martin is backing me in this to the hilt.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWell, now\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo the hilt, Simon. In one hundred and seventy-three years I have in one fashion or another contributed greatly to this firm. I have been under obligation to individual members of the firm in times past. I am not now. It is rather the other way around now and I am calling in my debts.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DeLong said, \u201cI will do what I can.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Chairman of the Science and Technology Committee was of the East Asian region and she was a woman. Her name was Chee Li-Hsing and her transparent garments (obscuring what she wanted obscured only by their dazzle) made her look plastic-wrapped.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She said, \u201cI sympathize with your wish for full human rights. There have been times in history when segments of the human population fought for full human rights. What rights, however, can you possibly want that you do not have?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs simple a thing as my right to life. A robot can be dismantled at any time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA human being can be executed at any time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cExecution can only follow due process of law. There is no trial needed for my dismantling. Only the word of a human being in authority is needed to end me. Besides\u2014besides\u2014\u201d Andrew tried desperately to allow no sign of pleading, but his carefully designed tricks of human expression and tone of voice betrayed him here. \u201cThe truth is, I want to be a man. I have wanted it through six generations of human beings.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li-Hsing looked up at him out of darkly sympathetic eyes. \u201cThe Legislature can pass a law declaring you one\u2014they could pass a law declaring a stone statue to be defined as a man. Whether they will actually do so is, however, as likely in the first case as the second. Congresspeople are as human as the rest of the population and there is always that element of suspicion against robots.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEven now?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEven now. We would all allow the fact that you have earned the prize of humanity and yet there would remain the fear of setting an undesirable precedent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat precedent? I am the only free robot, the only one of my type, and there will never be another. You may consult U.S. Robots.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2018Never\u2019 is a long time, Andrew\u2014or, if you prefer, Mr. Martin\u2014since I will gladly give you my personal accolade as man. You will find that most Congresspeople will not be willing to set the precedent, no matter how meaningless such a precedent might be. Mr. Martin, you have my sympathy, but I cannot tell you to hope. Indeed\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She sat back and her forehead wrinkled. \u201cIndeed, if the issue grows too heated, there might well arise a certain sentiment, both inside the Legislature and outside, for that dismantling you mentioned. Doing away with you could turn out to be the easiest way of resolving the dilemma. Consider that before deciding to push matters.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cWill no one remember the technique of prosthetology, something that is almost entirely mine?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt may seem cruel, but they won\u2019t. Or if they do, it will be remembered against you. It will be said you did it only for yourself. It will be said it was part of a campaign to roboticize human beings, or to humanify robots; and in either case evil and vicious. You have never been part of a political hate campaign, Mr. Martin, and I tell you that you will be the object of vilification of a kind neither you nor I would credit and there would be people who\u2019ll believe it all. Mr. Martin, let your life be.\u201d She rose and, next to Andrew\u2019s seated figure she seemed small and almost childlike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cIf I decide to fight for my humanity, will you be on my side?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She thought, then said, \u201cI will be\u2014insofar as I can be. If at any time such a stand would appear to threaten my political future, I may have to abandon you, since it is not an issue I feel to be at the very root of my beliefs. I am trying to be honest with you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThank you, and I will ask no more. I intend to fight this through whatever the consequences, and I will ask you for your help only for as long as you can give it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It was not a direct fight. Feingold and Martin counseled patience and Andrew muttered grimly that he had an endless supply of that. Feingold and Martin then entered on a campaign to narrow and restrict the area of combat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They instituted a lawsuit denying the obligation to pay debts to an individual with a prosthetic heart on the grounds that the possession of a robotic organ removed humanity, and with it the constitutional rights of human beings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They fought the matter skillfully and tenaciously, losing at every step but always in such a way that the decision was forced to be as broad as possible, and then carrying it by way of appeals to the World Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It took years, and millions of dollars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the final decision was handed down, DeLong held what amounted to a victory celebration over the legal loss. Andrew was, of course, present in the company offices on the occasion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve done two things, Andrew,\u201d said DeLong, \u201cboth of which are good. First of all, we have established the fact that no number of artifacts in the human body causes it to cease being a human body. Secondly, we have engaged public opinion in the question in such a way as to put it fiercely on the side of a broad interpretation of humanity since there is not a human being in existence who does not hope for prosthetics if that will keep him alive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnd do you think the Legislature will now grant me my humanity?\u201d asked Andrew.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DeLong looked faintly uncomfortable. \u201cAs to that, I cannot be optimistic. There remains the one organ which the World Court has used as the criterion of humanity. Human beings have an organic cellular brain and robots have a platinum-iridium positronic brain if they have one at all\u2014and you certainly have a positronic brain\u2026No, Andrew, don\u2019t get that look in your eye. We lack the knowledge to duplicate the work of a cellular brain in artificial structures close enough to the organic type to allow it to fall within the court\u2019s decision. Not even you could do it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat ought we do, then?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMake the attempt, of course. Congresswoman Li-Hsing will be on our side and a growing number of other Congresspeople. The President will undoubtedly go along with a majority of the Legislature in this matter.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDo we have a majority?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo, far from it. But we might get one if the public will allow its desire for a broad interpretation of humanity to extend to you. A small chance, I admit, but if you do not wish to give up, we must gamble for it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI do not wish to give up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Congresswoman Li-Hsing was considerably older than she had been when Andrew had first met her. Her transparent garments were long gone. Her hair was now close-cropped and her coverings were tubular. Yet still Andrew clung, as closely as he could within the limits of reasonable taste, to the style of clothing that had prevailed when he had first adopted clothing over a century before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She said, \u201cWe\u2019ve gone as far as we can, Andrew. We\u2019ll try once more after recess, but, to be honest, defeat is certain and the whole thing will have to be given up. All my most recent efforts have only earned me a certain defeat in the coming congressional campaign.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI know,\u201d said Andrew, \u201cand it distresses me. You said once you would abandon me if it came to that. Why have you not done so?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne can change one\u2019s mind, you know. Somehow, abandoning you became a higher price than I cared to pay for just one more term. As it is, I\u2019ve been in the Legislature for over a quarter of a century. It\u2019s enough.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIs there no way we can change minds, Chee?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve changed all that are amenable to reason. The rest\u2014the majority\u2014cannot be moved from their emotional antipathies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEmotional antipathy is not a valid reason for voting one way or the other.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI know that, Andrew, but they don\u2019t advance emotional antipathy as their reason.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said cautiously, \u201cIt all comes down to the brain, then, but must we leave it at the level of cells versus positrons? Is there no way of forcing a functional definition? Must we say that a brain is made of this or that? May we not say that a brain is something\u2014anything\u2014capable of a certain level of thought?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWon\u2019t work,\u201d said Li-Hsing. \u201cYour brain is man-made, the human brain is not. Your brain is constructed, theirs developed. To any human being who is intent on keeping up the barrier between himself and a robot, those differences are a steel wall a mile high and a mile thick.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf we could get at the source of their antipathy\u2014the very source of\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAfter all your years,\u201d said Li-Hsing sadly, \u201cyou are still trying to reason out the human being. Poor Andrew, don\u2019t be angry, but it\u2019s the robot in you that drives you in that direction.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know,\u201d said Andrew. \u201cIf I could bring myself\u2014\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. (reprise)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

If he could bring himself\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had known for a long time it might come to that, and in the end he was at the surgeon\u2019s. He found one, skillful enough for the job at hand, which meant a robot surgeon, for no human surgeon could be trusted in this connection, either in ability or in intention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The surgeon could not have performed the operation on a human being, so Andrew, after putting off the moment of decision with a sad line of questioning that reflected the turmoil within himself, put the First Law to one side by saying, \u201cI, too, am a robot.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He then said, as firmly as he had learned to form the words even at human beings over these past decades, \u201cI order<\/em> you to carry through the operation on me.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the absence of the First Law, an order so firmly given from one who looked so much like a man activated the Second Law sufficiently to carry the day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andrew\u2019s feeling of weakness was, he was sure, quite imaginary. He had recovered from the operation. Nevertheless, he leaned, as unobtrusively as he could manage, against the wall. It would be entirely too revealing to sit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li-Hsing said, \u201cThe final vote will come this week, Andrew. I\u2019ve been able to delay it no longer, and we must lose\u2026And that will be it, Andrew.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew said, \u201cI am grateful for your skill at delay. It gave me the time I needed, and I took the gamble I had to.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat gamble is this?\u201d asked Li-Hsing with open concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI couldn\u2019t tell you, or the people at Feingold and Martin. I was sure I would be stopped. See here, if it is the brain that is at issue, isn\u2019t the greatest difference of all the matter of immortality? Who really cares what a brain looks like or is built of or how it was formed? What matters is that brain cells die; must<\/em> die. Even if every other organ in the body is maintained or replaced, the brain cells, which cannot be replaced without changing and therefore killing the personality, must eventually die.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy own positronic pathways have lasted nearly two centuries without perceptible change and can last for centuries more. Isn\u2019t that<\/em> the fundamental barrier? Human beings can tolerate an immortal robot, for it doesn\u2019t matter how long a machine lasts. They cannot tolerate an immortal human being, since their own mortality is endurable only so long as it is universal. And for that reason they won\u2019t make me a human being.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li-Hsing said, \u201cWhat is it you\u2019re leading up to, Andrew?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI have removed that problem. Decades ago, my positronic brain was connected to organic nerves. Now, one last operation has arranged that connection in such a way that slowly\u2014quite slowly\u2014the potential is being drained from my pathways.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li-Hsing\u2019s finely wrinkled face showed no expression for a moment. Then her lips tightened. \u201cDo you mean you\u2019ve arranged to die, Andrew? You can\u2019t have. That violates the Third Law.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo,\u201d said Andrew, \u201cI have chosen between the death of my body and the death of my aspirations and desires. To have let my body live at the cost of the greater death is what would have violated the Third Law.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li-Hsing seized his arm as though she were about to shake him. She stopped herself. \u201cAndrew, it won\u2019t work. Change it back.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt can\u2019t be. Too much damage was done. I have a year to live\u2014more or less. I will last through the two hundredth anniversary of my construction. I was weak enough to arrange that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHow can it be worth it? Andrew, you\u2019re a fool.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf it brings me humanity, that will be worth it. If it doesn\u2019t, it will bring an end to striving and that will be worth it, too.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And Li-Hsing did something that astonished herself. Quietly, she began to weep.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

It was odd how that last deed caught at the imagination of the world. All that Andrew had done before had not swayed them. But he had finally accepted even death to be human and the sacrifice was too great to be rejected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The final ceremony was timed, quite deliberately, for the two hundredth anniversary. The World President was to sign the act and make it law and the ceremony would be visible on a global network and would be beamed to the Lunar state and even to the Martian colony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew was in a wheelchair. He could still walk, but only shakily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With mankind watching, the World President said, \u201cFifty years ago, you were declared a Sesquicentennial Robot, Andrew.\u201d After a pause, and in a more solemn tone, he said, \u201cToday we declare you a Bicentennial Man, Mr. Martin.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And Andrew, smiling, held out his hand to shake that of the President.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andrew\u2019s thoughts were slowly fading as he lay in bed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Desperately he seized at them. Man! He was a man! He wanted that to be his last thought. He wanted to dissolve\u2014die\u2014with that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He opened his eyes one more time and for one last time recognized Li-Hsing waiting solemnly. There were others, but those were only shadows, unrecognizable shadows. Only Li-Hsing stood out against the deepening gray. Slowly, inchingly, he held out his hand to her and very dimly and faintly felt her take it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She was fading in his eyes, as the last of his thoughts trickled away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But before she faded completely, one last fugitive thought came to him and rested for a moment on his mind before everything stopped.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLittle Miss,\u201d he whispered, too low to be heard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

THE END<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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