Summaries | Lecturia

Jorge Luis Borges: Three Versions of Judas. Summary and analysis

In “Three Versions of Judas” (Tres versiones de Judas), Jorge Luis Borges tells the story of Nils Runeberg, a fictional Swedish theologian who devotes his life to studying the figure of Judas Iscariot. In his works, Runeberg develops a series of theories that radically reinterpret Judas’ betrayal, first claiming that his act was a necessary sacrifice in the divine plan and, finally, that Judas was an incarnation of God. As he delves deeper into his thinking, Runeberg moves away from religious orthodoxy, is condemned by theologians, and ends up in tormented isolation. His last work, ignored by all, argues that God’s sacrifice had to be absolute, including infamy and eternal damnation, and that this is why he decided to be Judas. Convinced that he has revealed a divine secret that should not be known, Runeberg goes mad and dies alone after wandering the streets of Malmö.

H. P. Lovecraft: The Alchemist. Summary and analysis

Antoine, the last descendant of the Counts of C—, lives secluded in a ruined castle, marked by an ancient curse: all the males in his family die at the age of 32. Orphaned at birth and raised by a single servant, Pierre, Antoine discovers on his 21st birthday a family manuscript that reveals the origin of the curse: in the 13th century, his ancestor Henri unjustly killed the alchemist Michel Mauvais, believing him to be responsible for the disappearance of his son. Then, Charles Le Sorcier, son of the alchemist, cast a curse: no male in the family would live beyond the age of 32. As he approaches that age, Antoine explores abandoned areas of the castle and finds a secret passage that leads him to an underground chamber where he confronts a ghostly-looking man who turns out to be Charles Le Sorcier, who is still alive thanks to an elixir of immortality. Charles confesses that he has personally murdered each heir for centuries in revenge. Antoine manages to defend himself by throwing his torch, which he uses to set the alchemist on fire. With his death, the chain of murders is finally broken and Antoine survives the fate that condemned his lineage for six hundred years.

Juan Rulfo: Paso del Norte. Summary and analysis

Plot summary: in “Paso del Norte,” an impoverished man who has failed in his pig-selling business decides to emigrate to the North in search of work to feed his wife and five children. Before leaving, he visits his father to ask him to look after his family. Still, the conversation becomes an exchange of recriminations for a life of abandonment, poverty, and family resentment. The son finally sets off on his journey, and after being guided to the border by contacts, he tries to cross the river into the United States with other migrants, but they are ambushed by gunfire in the darkness. Although injured, he and his friend Estanislado manage to get out of the water, but the latter dies shortly afterward. The protagonist, battered and defeated, is returned to Mexico. Upon returning to the village, his father coldly informs him that his wife has left him for a muleteer and that he has sold the house to pay for the grandchildren’s expenses. Without a family or a home, the man resigns to start over and searches for his wife. The story portrays the desolation of the migrant, the failure of the dream of the North, and the breaking of family ties amid misery.

Bram Stoker: The Burial of the Rats. Summary and analysis

In The Burial of the Rats, a young Englishman who spends a year in Paris, separated from his fiancée by his parent’s wishes, decides to explore the city’s outskirts to take his mind off things. Intrigued by the life of the chiffoniers (garbage collectors), he enters the garbage dumps of Montrouge, a sordid and dangerous place, where an older woman and an older man set a trap to kill him and let the rats devour his body. Surrounded by a group of silent and cruel criminals, he manages to escape through hostile terrain full of piles of garbage, swamps, and canals. After an agonizing nighttime chase, he swims across a river and arrives exhausted at the fortress of Bicêtre, where French soldiers rescue him. Together with them and a police commissioner, he returns to the place to look for his attackers. They find human remains eaten by rats and arrest a group of veteran ex-soldiers who live in the rubbish dumps. The story, narrated in the first person, mixes suspense, horror, and social criticism and shows how human degradation can reach extremes of almost animal brutality on the forgotten margins of the city.

Stephen King: Popsy. Summary and analysis

Sheridan, a man cornered by gambling debts, kidnaps children to hand them over to an underground network in exchange for money. One day, in a shopping center, he comes across a lonely and frightened child looking for his “Popsy,” his grandfather. Pretending to help him, Sheridan tricks him and takes him in his van. However, during the journey, the child begins to behave strangely: he shows unusual strength, he has sharp teeth, and he claims that his grandfather can smell him, that he is very strong, and that he can fly. As they approach the drop-off point, Sheridan begins to suspect that the child is not what he seems. Finally, on a lonely road, a monstrous winged creature, Popsy, descends on the van, pounces on Sheridan, and brutally kills him. The child, safe and sound, drinks the blood of his captor under the watchful eye of his grandfather. The story ends by revealing that the child belongs to a family of vampire-like beings and that the real danger was the man who tried to hurt him, not the supernatural creature.

Richard Connell: The Most Dangerous Game. Summary and analysis

In “The Most Dangerous Game,” the hunter Sanger Rainsford accidentally falls overboard and swims to an enigmatic Caribbean island called “Ship-Trap Island.” There, he finds a luxurious mansion inhabited by General Zaroff, a Russian aristocrat who has taken his passion for hunting to a disturbing extreme: bored of hunting animals; he has started to hunt human beings, looking for a worthy adversary in them. When Rainsford refuses to participate as a hunter, he becomes the general’s new prey. For three days, he fights to survive in the jungle, using his cunning and skills to evade Zaroff and his hounds. In an unexpected twist, Rainsford fakes his death by throwing himself into the sea and reappears that same night in the general’s room. In the final confrontation, he kills Zaroff and ends the macabre “game.”